Respiratory System

Respiratory system

The function of the respiratory system is to allow gas exchange.

Nasal passage: is the sinus cavitie of the human body.

Oral cavity: is the mouth.

Pharynx: conected the oral cavity with the larynx.

Larynx: involved in protection of the trachea and sound production.

Trachea: is a common term for an airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms.

Bronchus: is a passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs.

Lung: the lungs transports oxygen into the bloodstream and to take carbon dioxide out of the bloodstream.

Heart: pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Ribs: protects the internal organs from damage. The rib cage expands during respiration.

Cells

What procaryotic and eucaryotic cells have in common?
1.DNA as genetic material.
2.Ribosomes synthesize proteins.
3.Enzymes that catalyse metabolic reactions.
4.Similar metabolic pathways.
5.Membranes with similar or identical components and orgamizations.

What are the differences?
Procaryotic cells:
-No nucleus
-No membrane covered organelles.
-Circular DNA.
-Most referred to as bacteria.
-Has ribosomes.

Eucaryotic cells:
-Has a nucleus.
-Has membrane covered organelles.
-Linear DNA
-Are all other types of cells.
-Has organelles and organelles parts like chloroplast and mitochondria.

circulatory system

The function of the circulatory system are:

-Carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbondioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

-Help in fighting infections.

-Helps to maintain the Ph of the blood.

-Parts of the circulatory system:

*Heart: is a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels by rhythmic contractions.

*Blood vessels:

-Arteries: carry the blood away from the heart.

-Capillaries: enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues.

-Veins: carry blood from the capillaries back towards the heart.

*Blood: is a specialized bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells and transports waste products away from those same cells.

El Virus tipus A

¿Qué es? La gripe porcina es un virus que tienen los cerdos, llamado virus de gripe Tipo A, con tres subgrupos: H1N1, H1N2 y H3N2. El tiempo que lo sufre el cerdo es de 7 a 10 días. Este virus no mata a los cerdos. Hasta hoy se ha detectado que lo que sufren los enfermos en EE. UU y México es una variante del subgrupo H1N1.

¿Cómo se contagia? La OMS ha declarado que el contagio de la gripe porcina se produce por contacto directo con un cerdo infectado, y NO por el consumo de carne de cerdo. Lo cierto es que el virus de la gripe porcina muere a los 70º, temperatura mínima de cocción de la carne de cerdo.

Síntomas de gripe porcina en personas: son similares a los de gripe común, dolor muscular, malestar general, fiebre elevada, tos, estornudos, falta de apetito, diarrea (casos particulares) y rinorrea (chorreado de la nariz). En caso de estar enfermo con el virus de la gripe porcina una persona contagia durante los primeros 4-5 días de la enfermedad. Sin embargo, los niños pueden contagiar durante 10 días después de haber contraído la gripe porcina.

Diagnóstico de la gripe porcina: se debe tomar una muestra del aparato respiratorio de la persona que sufre los síntomas en estos 4-5 días primeros y enviarlas al Centro Nacional de Microbiología para su detección.

Tratamiento de la gripe porcina: hasta ahora no existe una vacuna que nos proteja de la variación del virus que se está propagando, que es el que se ha detectado en México y EE.UU. En cualquier caso, la gripe porcina se trata como una gripe común, tomando antivirales bajo control médico.

Eye and Ear

EYE

Vitreous gel: is a thick, colorless, gel-like fluid that fills the large space in the middle of the eye. It helps the eyeball maintain its shape.

Optic nerve: transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

Macula: is an oval-shaped highly pigmented yellow spot near the center of the retina.

Fovea: is responsible for sharp central vision.

Retina: is a light sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of the eye.

Iris: by contraction and dilatation, regulates the entrance of light into the eye.

Cornea: is a lens that helps to shield the rest of the eye from germs, drust...

Pupil: it regulates the amount of light that enters the eye.

Lens: it reflects the light.

EAR

Auricle (pinna): it prottect the inner ear.

Auditory canal: it carries the vibration from outer ear to the inner ear.

Semicircular canals: it helps maintain balance.

Cochlea: it moves in response to the vibrations coming from the middle ear.

Incus (anvil): it transmits the sound vibrations from the malleus to the stapes.

Stapes (stirrup): it transmits the sound vibrations from the incus to the membrane of the inner ear inside the fenestra ovalis.

Malleus (hammer): it transmits the sound vibrations from the eardrum to the incus.

Tympanic membrane (eardrum): it transmits sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear.

Digestive System

Upper and Lower human gastrointestinal tract

The digestive tract (also known as the alimentary canal) is the system of organs within multicellular animals that takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. The major function of the GI tract are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. The GI tract differs substantially from animal to animal. Some animals have multi-chambered stomachs, while some animals' stomachs contain a single chamber. In a normal human adult male, the GI tract is approximately 6.5 meters (20 feet) long and consists of the upper and lower GI tracts. The tract may also be divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut, reflecting the embryological origin of each segment of the tract.^[1]

The digestive tract (also known as the alimentary canal) is the system of organs within multicellular animals that takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. The major function of the GI tract are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. The GI tract differs substantially from animal to animal. Some animals have multi-chambered stomachs, while some animals' stomachs contain a single chamber. In a normal human adult male, the GI tract is approximately 6.5 meters (20 feet) long and consists of the upper and lower GI tracts. The tract may also be divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut, reflecting the embryological origin of each segment of the tract.

Resum del sistema nerviós

Neuroanatomy: the structure of the nervous system. To learn how the nervous system functions, you must learn how the nervous system is put together.

The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

Central Nervous System

The central nervous system is divided into two parts: the brain and the spinal cord. The brain contains about 100 billion nerve cells (neurons) and trillons of "support cells" called glia.

A stegosaurus dinosaur weighed approximately 1,600 kg but had a brain that weighed only approximately 70 grams (0.07 kg). Therefore, the brain was only 0.004% of its total body weight. In contrast, an adult human weighs approximately 70 kg and has a brain that weighs approximately 1.4 kg. Therefore, the human brain is about 2% of the total body weight. This makes the brain to body ratio of the human 500 times greater than that of the stegosaurus. See "My Brain is Bigger than Your Brain" for more about brain size.

Peripheral Nervous System

The peripheral nervous system is divided into two major parts: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

Somatic Nervous System

The somatic nervous system consists of peripheral nerve fibers that send sensory information to the central nervous system AND motor nerve fibers that project to skeletal muscle.

Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system is divided into three parts: the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls smooth muscle of the viscera (internal organs) and glands.

The enteric nervous system is a third division of the autonomic nervous system that you do not hear much about. The enteric nervous system is a meshwork of nerve fibers that innervate the viscera (gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, gall bladder).

Divisions of the Nervous System
Telencephalon		Diencephalon	Mesencephalon
Metencephalon		Myelencephalon

From a top view, notice how the brain is divided into two halves, called hemispheres. Each hemisphere communicates with the other through the corpus callosum, a bundle of nerve fibers. (Another smaller fiber bundle that connects the two hemispheres is called the anterior commissure).

Some differences between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS):

1. In the CNS, collections of neurons are called nuclei. In the PNS, collections of neurons are called ganglia.
2. In the CNS, collections of axons are called tracts. In the PNS, collections of axons are called nerves.

In the peripheral nervous system, neurons can be functionally divided in three ways:

1. Sensory (afferent) - carry information INTO the central nervous system from sense organs or motor (efferent) - carry information away from the central nervous system (for muscle control).
2. Cranial - connects the brain with the periphery or spinal - connects the spinal cord with the periphery.
3. Somatic - connects the skin or muscle with the central nervous system or visceral - connects the internal organs with the central nervous system.

Brain Structures

Cerebral Cortex:
The word "cortex" comes from the Latin word for "bark" (of a tree).

Cerebellum:
The word "cerebellum" comes from the Latin word for "little brain.


Brain stem:
The brain stem is a general term for the area of the brain between the thalamus and spinal cord.

Hypothalamus:
The hypothalamus is composed of several different areas and is located at the base of the brain.

Thalamus:
The thalamus receives sensory information and relays this information to the cerebral cortex.

Limbic System:
The limbic system (or the limbic areas) is a group of structures that includes the amygdala, the hippocampus, mammillary bodies and cingulate gyrus.

Hippocampus:
The hippocampus is one part of the limbic system that is important for memory and learning.

Basal Ganglia:
The basal ganglia are a group of structures, including the globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, putamen and substantia nigra, that are important in coordinating movement.


Midbrain:
The midbrain includes structures such as the superior and inferior colliculi and red nucleus. There are several other areas also in the midbrain.